The Beatles

The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. Their best-known lineup consisted of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. Rooted in skiffle and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later utilized several genres, ranging from pop ballads to psychedelic rock, often incorporating classical and other elements in innovative ways. In the early 1960s, their enormous popularity first emerged as "Beatlemania", but as their songwriting grew in sophistication, they came to be perceived by many fans and cultural observers as an embodiment of the ideals shared by the era's sociocultural revolutions.

The band built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960. Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act and producer George Martin enhanced their musical potential. They gained popularity in the United Kingdom after their first modest hit, "Love Me Do", in late 1962. They acquired the nickname the "Fab Four" as Beatlemania grew in Britain over the following year, and by early 1964 they had become international stars, leading the "British Invasion" of the United States pop market. From 1965 on, the Beatles produced what many critics consider their finest material, including the innovative and widely influential albums Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966), Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), The Beatles (1968), and Abbey Road (1969). After their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of lung cancer in November 2001. McCartney and Starr remain musically active.

The Beatles have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act. According to the RIAA, they are the best-selling band in the United States, with 177 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazine's list of the all-time most successful "Hot 100" artists. As of 2013, they hold the record for most number-one hits on the Hot 100 chart with 20. They have received 7 Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and 15 Ivor Novello Awards. Collectively included in Time magazine's compilation of the 20th century's 100 most influential people, the Beatles are the best-selling band in history, with EMI Records estimating sales of over one billion units. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked The Beatles as the best artist of all-time.[1] == 1957–62: formation, Hamburg, and UK popularity == In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a skiffle group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a respected local group was already using the other name.[2]  Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he and Lennon met that July.[3]  In February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, but Lennon initially thought Harrison was too young to join. After a month of Harrison's persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist.[4] [5]  By January 1959, Lennon's Quarry Bank friends had left the group, and he began studies at the Liverpool College of Art.[6]  The three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs,[7]  were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer.[8]  Lennon's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe, who had recently sold one of his paintings and purchased a bass guitar, joined in January 1960, and it was he who suggested changing the band's name to Beatals as a tribute toBuddy Holly and the Crickets.[9]  They used the name through May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a brief tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer and fellow Liverpudlian Johnny Gentle. By early July, they changed their name to the Silver Beatles and by the middle of August to the Beatles.[10]

Their lack of a full-time drummer posed a problem when the group's unofficial manager, Allan Williams, arranged a resident band booking for them in Hamburg, Germany, so in mid-August they auditioned and hired Pete Best. The band, now a five-piece, left four days later, contracted to club ownerBruno Koschmider for what would be a 3½-month residency.[11]  Beatles' historian Mark Lewisohn wrote, "They pulled into Hamburg at dusk on 17 August, the time when the red-light area comes to life ... flashing neon lights screamed out the various entertainment on offer, while scantily clad women sat unabashed in shop windows waiting for business opportunities".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199222_12-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[12]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Koschmider had converted a couple of strip clubs in the district into music venues, and he initially placed the group at the Indra Club. After closing the Indra due to noise complaints, he moved them to the Kaiserkeller in October.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199223_13-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[13]  When he learned they had been performing at the rival Top Ten Club in breach of their contract, he gave the band one month's termination notice,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199224.2C_33_14-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[14]  and reported the underage Harrison, who had obtained permission to stay in Hamburg by lying to the German authorities about his age.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould200788_15-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[15]  The authorities arranged for Harrison's deportation in late November.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199224_16-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[16]  One week later, Koschmider had McCartney and Best arrested for arson after they set fire to a tapestry on the wall in their room; the authorities deported them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199224.E2.80.9325_17-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[17]  Lennon returned to Liverpool in early December, while Sutcliffe remained in Hamburg through late February with his German fiancée Astrid Kirchherr,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199225_18-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[18]  who took the first semi-professional photos of the Beatles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005222.E2.80.93224_19-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[19]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">During the next two years, the Beatles were resident for periods in Hamburg, where they used Preludin both recreationally and to maintain their energy through all-night performances.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles199766.E2.80.9367_20-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[20]  In 1961, during their second Hamburg engagement, Kirchherr cut Sutcliffe's hair in the "exi" (existentialist) style, later adopted by the other Beatles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199232_21-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[21] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles199776_22-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[22]  When Sutcliffe decided to leave the band early that year and resume his art studies in Germany, McCartney took up the bass.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould200789.2C_94_23-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[23]  Producer Bert Kaempfert contracted what was now a four-piece group through June 1962, and he used them asTony Sheridan's backing band on a series of recordings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005249.E2.80.93251_24-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[24] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 1]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">After completing their second Hamburg residency, the band enjoyed increasing popularity in Liverpool, particularly in Merseyside, with the growing Merseybeat movement. However, they were also growing tired of the monotony of numerous appearances at the same clubs night after night.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199233_27-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[26]  In November, during one of the group's frequent appearances at the Cavern Club, they encountered Brian Epstein, a local record store owner and music columnist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles199784.E2.80.9387_28-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[27]  He later recalled, "I immediately liked what I heard. They were fresh, and they were honest, and they had what I thought was a sort of presence ... [a] star quality."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199234.E2.80.9335_29-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[28]  Epstein courted the band over the next couple of months, and they appointed him manager in January 1962.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles199784.E2.80.9388_30-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[29]  After an early February audition, Decca Records rejected the band with the comment "Guitar groups are on the way out, Mr. Epstein."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles200067_31-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[30] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 2]  Tragedy greeted them upon their return to Germany in April, when a distraught Kirchherr met them at the airport with news of Sutcliffe's death the previous day from what would later be determined a brain haemorrhage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199256_34-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[32]  The following month, George Martin signed the Beatles to EMI'sParlophone label.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199256_34-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[32] Abbey Road Studios main entrance<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The band's first recording session under Martin's direction took place at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in London on 6 June 1962.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199259_35-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[33]  Martin immediately complained to Epstein about Best's poor drumming and suggested they use a session drummer in his stead.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005318.2C_322_36-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[34]  Already contemplating Best's dismissal,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles199849.E2.80.9350_37-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[35]  the Beatles replaced him in mid-August with Ringo Starr, who left Rory Storm and the Hurricanes to join them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199259_35-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[33]  A 4 September session at EMI yielded a recording of "Love Me Do" featuring Starr on drums, but a dissatisfied Martin hired drummer Andy White for the band's third session a week later, which produced recordings of "Love Me Do", "Please Please Me" and "P.S. I Love You".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199259_35-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[33]  Martin initially selected the Starr version of "Love Me Do" for the band's first single, though subsequent re-pressings featured the White version, with Starr on tambourine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199259_35-3" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[33]  Released in early October, "Love Me Do" peaked at number seventeen on the Record Retailer chart.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199259.E2.80.9360_38-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[36]  Their television début came later that month with a live performance on the regional news programme People and Places.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199281.2C_355_39-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[37]  A studio session in late November yielded another recording of "Please Please Me",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199262.2C_84_40-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[38]  of which Martin accurately predicted, "You've just made your first No.1."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a875_41-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[39]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199262.2C_86_42-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[40]  By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums—including Starr, despite his restricted vocal range, to validate his standing in the group.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007191_43-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[41]  Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a lead vocalist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a494_44-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[42]  Epstein, in an effort to maximize the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a professional approach to performing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007128.2C_133.E2.80.93134_45-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[43]  Lennon recalled him saying, "Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change—stop eating on stage, stop swearing, stop smoking".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles200067_31-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[30]  Lennon said, "We used to dress how we liked, on and off stage. He'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear proper trousers, but he didn't want us suddenly looking square. He'd let us have our own sense of individuality".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles200067_31-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[30]

Please Please Me and With the Beatles
Their logo was based on an impromptu sketch by instrument retailer and designer Ivor Arbiter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWomack200776_46-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[44] <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In February 1963, the Beatles recorded ten songs during a single marathon studio session for their debut LP, Please Please Me. The album was supplemented by the four tracks already released on their first two singles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007147_47-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[45] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 3]  After the moderate success of "Love Me Do", "Please Please Me" met with a more emphatic reception. Released in January 1963, two months ahead of the album of the same name, the song reached number one on every chart in London except Record Retailer, where it stalled at number two.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199288.2C_351_49-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[46]  Recalling how the Beatles "rushed to deliver a debut album, bashing out Please Please Me in a day",Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine comments, "Decades after its release, the album still sounds fresh, precisely because of its intense origins."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlewine2009a_50-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[47]  Lennon said little thought went into composition at the time; he and McCartney were "just writing songs à la Everly Brothers, à la Buddy Holly, pop songs with no more thought of them than that—to create a sound. And the words were almost irrelevant."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheff1981129_51-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[48]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Released in March 1963, the album initiated a run during which eleven of their twelve studio albums released in the United Kingdom through 1970 reached number one.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199290.2C_351_52-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[49]  The band's third single, "From Me to You", came out in April and was also a chart-topping hit, starting an almost unbroken string of seventeen British number one singles for the Beatles, including all but one of the eighteen they released over the next six years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199289.2C_350.E2.80.93351_53-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[50]  Released in August, the band's fourth single, "She Loves You", achieved the fastest sales of any record in the UK up to that time, selling three-quarters of a million copies in under four weeks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007159_54-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[51]  It became their first single to sell a million copies, and remained the biggest-selling record in the UK until 1978, when "Mull of Kintyre", by McCartney's post-Beatles band Wings, surpassed it in sales.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a990_55-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[52]  Their commercial success brought increased media exposure, to which the Beatles responded with an irreverent and comical attitude that defied the expectations of pop musicians at the time, inspiring even more interest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007166.E2.80.93169_56-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[53] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 4]  As their popularity spread, a frenzied adulation of the group took hold. Greeted with riotous enthusiasm by screaming fans, the press dubbed the phenomenon "Beatlemania".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005444.E2.80.93445_59-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[55] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[56] McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles199886_61-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[57] <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In late October, the Beatles began a five-day tour of Sweden, their first time abroad since the final Hamburg engagement of December 1962.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a1088_62-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[58]  Upon their return to the UK on the 31 December, "several hundred screaming fans" greeted them in heavy rain at Heathrow Airport wrote Lewisohn. Around fifty to a hundred journalists and photographers as well as representatives from the BBC also joined the airport reception, the first of more than one hundred such events.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199292.E2.80.9393_63-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[59]  The next day, they began their fourth tour of Britain within nine months, this one scheduled for six weeks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992127.E2.80.93133_64-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[60]  In mid-November, as Beatlemania intensified, police resorted to using high-pressure water hoses to control the crowd before a concert in Plymouth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1968184.E2.80.93185_65-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[61]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Please Please Me maintained the top position on the Record Retailer chart for thirty weeks, only to be displaced by their follow-up, With the Beatles, which EMI delayed the release of until sales of Please Please Me had subsided.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn199290.2C_92.2C_100_66-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[62] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 5]  Recorded between July and October, With the Beatles made better use of studio production techniques than its predecessor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007187_69-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[64]  It held the top spot for twenty-one weeks with a chart life of 40 weeks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a1161_70-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[65]  Erlewine described the LP as "a sequel of the highest order—one that betters the original".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlewine2009b_71-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[66] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 6]  The album caught the attention of music critic William Mannof The Times, who suggested that Lennon and McCartney were "the outstanding English composers of 1963".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007187_69-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[64]  The newspaper published a series of articles in which Mann offered detailed analyses of the music, lending it respectability.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a1162_74-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[68]  With the Beatles became the second album in UK chart history to sell a million copies, a figure previously reached only by the 1958 South Pacific soundtrack.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000b978_75-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[69]  In writing the sleeve notes for the album, the band's press officer, Tony Barrow used the superlative the "fabulous foursome", which the media widely adopted as the "Fab Four".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a402_76-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[70]

"British Invasion"
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">EMI's American subsidiary, Capitol Records, hindered the Beatles' releases in the United States for more than a year by initially declining to issue their music, including their first three singles. Concurrent negotiations with the independent US labels Vee-Jay and Swan led to the release of the songs in 1963,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992350_77-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[71]  but legal issues with royalties and publishing rights proved an obstacle to the successful marketing of the group in the US.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a225.E2.80.93226.2C_228.2C_1118.E2.80.931122_78-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[72] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 7]  American chart success began after Epstein arranged for a $40,000 US marketing campaign and secured the support of disk jockey Carrol James, who first played the band's records in mid-December 1963, initiating their music's spread across US radio. This caused an increase in demand, leading Capitol to rush-release "I Want to Hold Your Hand" later that month.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett2001206_81-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[74]  Released 26 December 1963, with the band's previously scheduled debut there just weeks away, "I Want to Hold Your Hand" sold a million copies, becoming a number one hit in the US by mid-January.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992136.2C_350_82-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[75] The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The band left the United Kingdom on 7 February 1964, with an estimated four thousand fans gathered at Heathrow, waving and screaming as the aircraft took off.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005457_83-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[76]  Upon landing at New York's John F. Kennedy Airport, an uproarious crowd estimated at three thousand greeted them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005459_84-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[77]  They gave their first live US television performance two days later on The Ed Sullivan Show, watched by approximately 73 million viewers in over 23 million households,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992137_85-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[78]  or 34 percent of the American population. According to the Nielsen rating service, it was "the largest audience that had ever been recorded for an American television program", wrote biographer Jonathan Gould.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould20073_86-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[79]  The next morning, the Beatles awoke to a negative critical consensus in the US,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005473.E2.80.93474_87-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[80]  but a day later their first US concert saw Beatlemania erupt at Washington Coliseum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a1134.E2.80.931135_88-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[81]  Back in New York the following day, the Beatles met with another strong reception during two shows at Carnegie Hall.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992137_85-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[78]  The band then flew to Florida and appeared on the weekly Ed Sullivan Show a second time, before another 70 million viewers, before returning to the UK on 22 February.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992137.2C_146.E2.80.93147_89-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[82]

A Hard Day's Night
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Capitol Records' lack of interest throughout 1963 had not gone unnoticed, and a competitor, United Artists Records, encouraged their film division to offer the group a three-motion-picture deal, primarily for the commercial potential of the soundtracks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a483.E2.80.93484_90-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[83]  Directed by Richard Lester, A Hard Day's Nightinvolved the band for six weeks in March–April 1964 as they played themselves in a mock-documentary.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007230.E2.80.93232_91-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[84]  The film premiered in London and New York in July and August, respectively, and was an international success, with some critics drawing comparison with the Marx Brothers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a489.E2.80.93490_92-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[85]  According to Erlewine, the accompanying soundtrack album, A Hard Day's Night, saw them "truly coming into their own as a band. All of the disparate influences on their first two albums had coalesced into a bright, joyous, original sound, filled with ringing guitars and irresistible melodies."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlewine2009c_93-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[86] That "ringing guitar" sound was primarily the product of Harrison's 12-string electric Rickenbacker, a prototype given him by the manufacturer, which made its debut on the record.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007286.E2.80.93287_94-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[87] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 8]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">During the week of 4 April 1964, the Beatles held twelve positions on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, including the top five.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992138_96-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[88] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 9]  Their popularity generated unprecedented interest in British music, and a number of other UK acts subsequently made their own American debuts, successfully touring over the next three years in what was termed the British Invasion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould20079.2C_250.2C_285_99-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[90]  Their hairstyle, unusually long for the era and mocked by many adults, became an emblem of rebellion to the burgeoning youth culture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007345_100-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[91] McCartney, Harrison and Lennon perform on Dutch television in 1964<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Touring internationally in June and July, the Beatles staged thirty-seven shows over twenty-seven days in Denmark, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992161.E2.80.93165_101-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[92] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 10]  In August they returned to the US, with a thirty-concert tour of twenty-three cities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007249_104-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[94]  Generating intense interest once again, the month-long tour attracted between ten and twenty thousand fans to each thirty-minute performance in cities from San Francisco to New York.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007249_104-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[94]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In August, journalist Al Aronowitz arranged for the Beatles to meet Bob Dylan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007252_105-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[95]  Visiting the band in their New York hotel suite, Dylan introduced them to cannabis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1997185_106-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[96]  Gould points out the musical and cultural significance of this meeting, before which the musicians' respective fanbases were "perceived as inhabiting two separate subcultural worlds": Dylan's audience of "college kids with artistic or intellectual leanings, a dawning political and social idealism, and a mildly bohemian style" contrasted with their fans, "veritable 'teenyboppers'—kids in high school or grade school whose lives were totally wrapped up in the commercialized popular culture of television, radio, pop records, fan magazines, and teen fashion. They were seen as idolaters, not idealists."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007252.E2.80.93253_107-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[97]  Within six months of the meeting, "Lennon would be making records on which he openly imitated Dylan's nasal drone, brittle strum, and introspective vocal persona", wrote Gould.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007252.E2.80.93253_107-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[97]  Within a year, Dylan would "proceed, with the help of a five-piece group and a Fender Stratocaster electric guitar, to shake the monkey of folk authenticity permanently off his back ... the distinctions between the folk and rock audiences would have nearly evaporated [and the group's] audience ... [was] showing signs of growing up."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007252.E2.80.93253_107-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[97] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 11]

Beatles for Sale, Help! and Rubber Soul
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The band's fourth studio LP, Beatles for Sale, evidenced a growing conflict between the commercial pressures of the band's global success and their creative ambitions, according to Gould.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007255.E2.80.9356_110-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[99] They had intended the album, recorded between August and October 1964,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992167.E2.80.93176_111-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[100]  to continue the format established by A Hard Day's Night which, unlike the band's first two LPs, contained only original songs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007255.E2.80.93256_112-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[101]  The band, however, had nearly exhausted their backlog of songs on the previous album, and given the challenges constant international touring posed to the band's songwriting efforts, Lennon admitted, "Material's becoming a hell of a problem".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007256_113-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[102]  As a result, six covers from their extensive repertoire were chosen to complete the album. Released in early December, its eight original compositions stood out, demonstrating the growing maturity of the Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007255.E2.80.93256_112-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[101]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In early 1965, while they were his guests for dinner, Lennon and Harrison's dentist secretly added LSD to their coffee. Lennon described the experience: "It was just terrifying, but it was fantastic. I was pretty stunned for a month or two."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007316_114-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[103]  He and Harrison subsequently became regular users of the drug, joined by Starr on at least one occasion. McCartney was initially reluctant to try it, but eventually did so in late 1966.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007317_115-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[104]  He became the first Beatle to discuss LSD publicly, declaring in a magazine interview that "it opened my eyes" and "made me a better, more honest, more tolerant member of society."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownGaines2002228_116-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[105]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Controversy erupted in June 1965 when Queen Elizabeth II appointed all four Beatles Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) after Prime Minister Harold Wilson nominated them for the award.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005556_117-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[106]  In protest—the honour was at that time primarily bestowed upon military veterans and civic leaders—some conservative MBE recipients returned their own insignia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005557_118-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[107] The US trailer for Help! with (from the rear) Harrison, McCartney, Lennon and (largely obscured) Starr<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Released in July, the Beatles' second film, Help!, was directed by Lester. Described as "mainly a relentless spoof of Bond",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007275_119-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[108]  it inspired a mixed response among both reviewers and the band. McCartney said, "Help! was great but it wasn't our film—we were sort of guest stars. It was fun, but basically, as an idea for a film, it was a bit wrong."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007274_120-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[109]  The soundtrack was dominated by Lennon, who wrote and sang lead on most of its songs, including the two singles: "Help!" and "Ticket to Ride".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007276.E2.80.93277_121-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[110]  The accompanying album, the group's fifth studio LP, contained all original material save for two covers, "Act Naturally" and "Dizzy Miss Lizzy"; they were the last covers the band would include on an album, with the exception of Let It Be's brief rendition of the traditional Liverpool folk song "Maggie Mae".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007276.E2.80.93280_122-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[111]  The band expanded their use of vocal overdubs on Help! and incorporated classical instruments into some arrangements, notably the string quartet on the pop ballad "Yesterday".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007290.E2.80.93292_123-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[112]  Composed by McCartney, "Yesterday" would inspire the most recorded cover versions of any song ever written.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuinness_World_Records_124-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[113]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The group's third US tour opened with a performance before a world-record crowd of 55,600 at New York's Shea Stadium on 15 August 1965—"perhaps the most famous of all Beatles' concerts", in Lewisohn's description.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992181_125-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[114]  A further nine successful concerts followed in other American cities. At a show in Atlanta, the Beatles gave one of the first live performances ever to make use of a foldback system of on-stage monitor speakers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerson2009_126-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[115]  Towards the end of the tour they were granted an audience with Elvis Presley, a foundational musical influence on the band, who invited them to his home in Beverly Hills.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a882.E2.80.93883_127-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[116] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007283.E2.80.93284_128-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[117] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 12] <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In mid-October 1965, the Beatles entered the recording studio; for the first time in making an album, they had an extended period without other major commitments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992202_132-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[120]  Released in December, Rubber Soul has been hailed by critics as a major step forward in the maturity and complexity of the band's music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2009b_131-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[119]  Their thematic reach was beginning to expand as they embraced deeper aspects of romance and philosophy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownGaines2002181.E2.80.93182_133-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[121]  Biographers Peter Brown and Steven Gaines attribute the new musical direction to "the Beatles' now habitual use of marijuana",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownGaines2002182_134-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[122]  an assertion confirmed by the band—Lennon referred to it as "the pot album",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000194_135-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[123]  and Starr said, "Grass was really influential in a lot of our changes, especially with the writers. And because they were writing different material, we were playing differently."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000194_135-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[123]  After Help!'s foray into the world of classical music with flutes and strings, Harrison's introduction of a sitar on "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" marked a further progression outside the traditional boundaries of popular music. As their lyrics grew more artful, fans began to study them for deeper meaning. Of "Norwegian Wood" Lennon commented: "I was trying to be sophisticated in writing about an affair ... but in such a smokescreen way that you couldn't tell."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007297.E2.80.93298.2C_423_136-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[124]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">While many of Rubber Soul ' s more notable songs were the product of Lennon and McCartney's collaborative songwriting,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005584.E2.80.93592_137-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[125]  it also featured distinct compositions from each,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1997268.2C_276.2C_278.E2.80.93279_138-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[126]  though they continued to share official credit. The song "In My Life", of which each later claimed lead authorship, is considered a highlight of the entire Lennon–McCartney catalogue.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005587_139-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[127]  Harrison calledRubber Soul his "favorite album"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000194_135-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[123]  and Starr referred to it as "the departure record".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005591_140-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[128]  McCartney said, "We'd had our cute period, and now it was time to expand."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000197_141-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[129]  However, recording engineer Norman Smith later stated that the studio sessions revealed signs of growing conflict within the group—"the clash between John and Paul was becoming obvious", he wrote, and "as far as Paul was concerned, George could do no right".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000b780_142-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[130]  In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Rubber Soul fifth among "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolling_Stone2003_143-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[131]  and Allmusic's Richie Unterbergerdescribes it as "one of the classic folk-rock records."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2009a_144-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[132]

Events leading up to final tour
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In June 1966, Yesterday and Today—one of the compilation albums created by Capitol Records for the US market—caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. It has been suggested that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had "butchered" the US versions of their albums.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a1187_145-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[133]  Thousands of copies of the album had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled "first-state" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaffney2004_146-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[134]  In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavezzoli2006176_147-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[135]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">During a tour of the Philippines the month after the Yesterday and Today furore, the Beatles unintentionally snubbed the nation's first lady, Imelda Marcos, who had expected them to attend a breakfast reception at the Presidential Palace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005619_148-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[136]  When presented with the invitation, Epstein politely declined on the band members' behalf, as it had never been his policy to accept such official invitations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005620_149-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[137]  They soon found that the Marcos regime was unaccustomed to taking no for an answer. The resulting riots endangered the group and they escaped the country with difficulty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005623_150-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[138]  Immediately afterward, the band members visited India for the first time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavezzoli2006177_151-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[139]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Almost as soon as they returned home, they faced a fierce backlash from US religious and social conservatives (as well as the Ku Klux Klan) over a comment Lennon had made in a March interview with British reporter Maureen Cleave:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992212.E2.80.93213_152-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[140]  "Christianity will go," Lennon said. "It will vanish and shrink. I needn't argue about that; I'm right and I will be proved right. We're more popular than Jesus now; I don't know which will go first, rock 'n' roll or Christianity. Jesus was alright but his disciples were thick and ordinary. It's them twisting it that ruins it for me."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007307.E2.80.939_153-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[141]  The comment went virtually unnoticed in England, but when US teenage fan magazine Datebook printed it five months later—on the eve of the group's August US tour—it sparked a controversy with Christians in the American "Bible Belt".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992212.E2.80.93213_152-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[140]  The Vatican issued a protest, and bans on Beatles' records were imposed by Spanish and Dutch stations and South Africa's national broadcasting service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2008449_154-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[142] Epstein accused Datebook of having taken Lennon's words out of context; at a press conference Lennon pointed out, "If I'd said television was more popular than Jesus, I might have got away with it."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007346_155-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[143]  Lennon claimed he was referring to how other people viewed their success, but at the prompting of reporters, he concluded, "If you want me to apologize, if that will make you happy, then okay, I'm sorry."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007346_155-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[143]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">As preparations were made for the US tour, the Beatles knew that their music would hardly be heard. Having originally used Vox AC30 amplifiers, they later acquired more powerful 100-watt amplifiers, specially designed by Vox for them as they moved into larger venues in 1964, but these were still inadequate. Struggling to compete with the volume of sound generated by screaming fans, the band had grown increasingly bored with the routine of performing live.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a1093_156-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[144]  Recognizing that their shows were no longer about the music, they decided to make the August tour their last.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992210.2C_230_157-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[145]

Revolver and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Rubber Soul had marked a major step forward; Revolver, released in August 1966 a week before the Beatles' final tour, marked another.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007348_158-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[146]  Pitchfork's Scott Plagenhoef identifies it as "the sound of a band growing into supreme confidence" and "redefining what was expected from popular music."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlagenhoef2009_159-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[147]  Revolver featured sophisticated songwriting, studio experimentation, and a greatly expanded repertoire of musical styles ranging from innovative classical string arrangements to psychedelic rock.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007348_158-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[146]  Abandoning the customary group photograph, its cover—designed by Klaus Voormann, a friend of the band since their Hamburg days—"was a stark, arty, black-and-white collage that caricatured the Beatles in a pen-and-ink style beholden to Aubrey Beardsley", in Gould's description.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007348_158-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[146]  The album was preceded by the single "Paperback Writer", backed by "Rain".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992350.E2.80.93351_160-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[148]  Short promotional films were made for both songs, described by cultural historian Saul Austerlitz as "among the first true music videos",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAusterlitz200718_161-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[149]  they aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops in June 1966.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992221.E2.80.93222_162-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[150]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Among Revolver ' s experimental songs was "Tomorrow Never Knows", for whose lyrics Lennon drew from Timothy Leary's The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. Its creation involved eight tape decks distributed about the EMI building, each manned by an engineer or band member, who randomly varied the movement of a tape loop while Martin created a composite recording by sampling the incoming data.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007364.E2.80.93366_163-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[151]  McCartney's "Eleanor Rigby" made prominent use of a string octet; Gould describes it as "a true hybrid, conforming to no recognizable style or genre of song."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007350.2C_402_164-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[152]  Harrison was developing as a songwriter, and three of his compositions earned a place on the record.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992224_165-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[153]  In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Revolver as the third greatest album of all time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolling_Stone2003_143-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[131]  During the US tour that followed its release, however, the band performed none of its songs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992361.E2.80.93365_166-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[154]  As Chris Ingham explains, they were very much "studio creations ... and there was no way a four-piece rock 'n' roll group could do them justice, particularly through the desensitising wall of the fans' screams. 'Live Beatles' and 'Studio Beatles' had become entirely different beasts."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngham200644_167-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[155]  The Beatles' final concert at San Francisco's Candlestick Park on 29 August was their last commercial concert.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1997293.E2.80.93295_168-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[156]  It marked the end of almost nonstop four-year period dominated by touring that included over 1,400 concert appearances internationally.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould20075.E2.80.936.2C_249.2C_281.2C_347_169-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[157] <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Freed from the burden of touring, the Beatles embraced an increasingly experimental approach as they recorded Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, beginning in late November 1966.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992232_170-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[158]  According to engineer Geoff Emerick, the album's recording took over seven hundred hours.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerickMassey2006190_171-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[159]  He recalled the band's insistence "that everything on Sgt. Pepper had to be different. We had microphones right down in the bells of brass instruments and headphones turned into microphones attached to violins. We used giant primitive oscillators to vary the speed of instruments and vocals and we had tapes chopped to pieces and stuck together upside down and the wrong way around."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007387.E2.80.93388_172-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[160] Parts of "A Day in the Life" featured a forty-piece orchestra.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007387.E2.80.93388_172-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[160]  The sessions initially yielded the non-album double A-side single "Strawberry Fields Forever"/"Penny Lane" in February 1967;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005221_173-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[161]  the Sgt. Pepper LP followed in June.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005220_174-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[162]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The musical complexity of the records, created using relatively primitive four-track recording technology, astounded contemporary artists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a970_175-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[163]  For Beach Boys leader Brian Wilson, in the midst of a personal crisis and struggling to complete the ambitious Smile, hearing "Strawberry Fields" was a crushing blow and he soon abandoned all attempts to compete with his friendly rivals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines1986177_176-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[164] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_Online2004_177-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[165]  Among music critics, acclaim for the album was virtually universal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007420.E2.80.93425_178-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[166]  Gould: The overwhelming consensus is that the Beatles had created a popular masterpiece: a rich, sustained, and overflowing work of collaborative genius whose bold ambition and startling originality dramatically enlarged the possibilities and raised the expectations of what the experience of listening to popular music on record could be. On the basis of this perception, Sgt. Pepper became the catalyst for an explosion of mass enthusiasm for album-formatted rock that would revolutionize both the aesthetics and the economics of the record business in ways that far outstripped the earlier pop explosions triggered by the Elvis phenomenon of 1956 and the Beatlemania phenomenon of 1963.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007418_179-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[167] Front cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, "the most famous cover of any music album, and one of the most imitated images in the world."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a970_175-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[163] <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Sgt. Pepper was the first major pop/rock LP to include its complete lyrics, which appeared on the back cover.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992236_180-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[168] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInglis200896_181-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[169]  Those lyrics were the subject of critical analysis; for instance, in late 1967 the album was the subject of a scholarly inquiry by American literary critic and professor of English Richard Poirier, who observed that his students were "listening to the group's music with a degree of engagement that he, as a teacher of literature, could only envy."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007423.E2.80.93425_182-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[170]  Poirier identified what he termed its "mixed allusiveness": "It's unwise ever to assume that they're doing only one thing or expressing themselves in only one style ... one kind of feeling about a subject isn't enough ... any single induced feeling must often exist within the context of seemingly contradictory alternatives."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007423.E2.80.93425_182-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[170]  McCartney said at the time, "We write songs. We know what we mean by them. But in a week someone else says something about it, and you can't deny it. ... You put your own meaning at your own level to our songs".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007423.E2.80.93425_182-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[170]  In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked it number one on its list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolling_Stone2003_143-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[131]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Sgt. Pepper ' s elaborate cover also attracted great interest and study:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007394.E2.80.9395_183-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[171]  a collage designed by pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth, it depicted the group as the fictional band referred to in the album's title track<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005312_184-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[172]  standing in front of a crowd of famous people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000248_185-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[173]  The heavy moustaches worn by the group reflected the growing influence of hippie style,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000236_186-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[174]  while cultural historian Jonathan Harris describes their "brightly coloured parodies of military uniforms" as a knowingly "anti-authoritarian and anti-establishment" display.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200512.E2.80.9313_187-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[175]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">On 25 June, the Beatles performed their forthcoming single, "All You Need Is Love", to an estimated 350 million viewers on Our World, the first live global television link.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992237.2C_259.E2.80.93260_188-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[176]  Released a week later during the Summer of Love, the song was adopted as a flower power anthem.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007428.E2.80.93429_189-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[177]  Two months later the group suffered a loss that threw their career into turmoil. Having been introduced to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi only the previous night in London, on 25 August they travelled to Bangor for his Transcendental Meditation retreat. Two days later, their manager's assistant Peter Brown phoned to inform them that Epstein had died.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005709.2C_713.E2.80.93719_190-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[178]  The coroner ruled the death an accidental carbitol overdose, though it was widely rumoured a suicide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownGaines2002249_191-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[179]  Epstein had been in a fragile emotional state, stressed by personal issues and concern that the band might not renew his management contract, due to expire in October, over discontent with his supervision of business matters, particularly regarding Seltaeb, the company that handled their US merchandising rights.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownGaines2002227.E2.80.93228_192-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[180]  His death left the group disorientated and fearful about the future. Lennon recalled, "We collapsed. I knew that we were in trouble then. I didn't really have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music, and I was scared. I thought, We've had it now."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000268_193-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[181]

Magical Mystery Tour, White Album and Yellow Submarine
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Magical Mystery Tour; the soundtrack to a forthcoming Beatles television film, was released in the UK as a six-track double extended play disc (EP) in early December 1967.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992350_77-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[71] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007452_194-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[182]  In the United States, the six songs were issued on an identically titled LP that also included five tracks from the band's recent singles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992351_97-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[89]  Unterberger says of the US Magical Mystery Tour, "the psychedelic sound is very much in the vein of Sgt. Pepper, and even spacier in parts (especially the sound collages of 'I Am the Walrus')", and calls its five songs culled from the band's 1967 singles "huge, glorious, and innovative".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2009c_195-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[183]  In its first three weeks, it set a record for the highest initial sales of any Capitol LP, and it is the only Capitol compilation later to be adopted in the band's official canon of studio albums.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a699_196-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[184]  First aired on Boxing Day, the Magical Mystery Tour film, largely directed by McCartney, brought the group their first major negative UK press. It was dismissed as "blatant rubbish" by the Daily Express, the Daily Mail called it "a colossal conceit" and The Guardian labelled it "a kind of fantasy morality play about the grossness and warmth and stupidity of the audience".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007455.E2.80.93456_197-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[185]  Gould describes it as "a great deal of raw footage showing a group of people getting on, getting off, and riding on a bus".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007455.E2.80.93456_197-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[185]  Although the viewership figures were respectable, its slating in the press led US television networks to lose interest in broadcasting it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a703_198-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[186]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In January, the Beatles filmed a cameo for the animated movie Yellow Submarine, which featured cartoon versions of the band members and a soundtrack with eleven of their songs, including four unreleased studio recordings which made their debut in the film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007485_199-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[187]  Released in June 1968, it was praised by critics for its music, humour, and innovative visual style.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007487.2C_505.E2.80.93506_200-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[188]  It would be seven months, however, before the film's soundtrack album appeared.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992304.2C_350_201-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[189] The Beatles, known as the White Albumfor its minimalist cover, conceived by pop artist Richard Hamilton "in direct contrast toSgt. Pepper, while also suggesting a "clean slate."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007510.E2.80.93511_202-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[190] <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In the interim came The Beatles, a double LP commonly known as the White Album for its virtually featureless cover.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007510_203-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[191]  Creative inspiration for the album came from a new direction: without Epstein's guiding presence, the group had briefly turned to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi as their guru.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a705.E2.80.93706_204-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[192]  At hisashram in Rishikesh, India, a "Guide Course" scheduled for three months marked one of their most prolific periods, yielding numerous songs including a majority of the thirty included on the album.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a108.E2.80.93109_205-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[193]  However, Starr left after only ten days, likening it to Butlins, and McCartney eventually grew bored and departed a month later.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007463.E2.80.93468_206-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[194]  For Lennon and Harrison, creativity turned to questioning when an electronics technician known as Magic Alex suggested that the Maharishi was attempting to manipulate them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a705.E2.80.93706_204-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[192]  When he alleged that the Maharishi had made sexual advances to women attendees, a persuaded Lennon left abruptly just two months into the course, bringing an unconvinced Harrison and the remainder of the group's entourage with him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007463.E2.80.93468_206-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[194]  In anger Lennon wrote a scathing song titled "Maharishi", renamed "Sexy Sadie" to avoid potential legal issues. McCartney said, "We made a mistake. We thought there was more to him than there was."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a705.E2.80.93706_204-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[192]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">During recording sessions for the album, which stretched from late May to mid-October 1968, relations between the Beatles grew openly divisive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992283.E2.80.93304_207-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[195] Starr quit for two weeks, and McCartney took over the drum kit for "Back in the U.S.S.R." (on which Harrison and Lennon drummed as well) and "Dear Prudence".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinn2009205.E2.80.93207_208-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[196]  Lennon had lost interest in collaborating with McCartney,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007513.2C_516_209-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[197]  whose contribution "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" he scorned as "granny music shit."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerickMassey2006246_210-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[198]  Tensions were further aggravated by Lennon's romantic preoccupation with avant-garde artist Yoko Ono, whom he insisted on bringing to the sessions despite the group's well-established understanding that girlfriends were not allowed in the studio.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000b103_211-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[199]  Describing the White Album, Lennon said, "Every track is an individual track; there isn't any Beatle music on it. [It's] John and the band, Paul and the band, George and the band."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007509_212-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[200] McCartney recalled that the album "wasn't a pleasant one to make."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000310_213-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[201]  Both he and Lennon identified the sessions as the start of the band's break-up.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Beatles2000237_214-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[202] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000b102_215-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[203] <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Issued in November, the White Album was the band's first Apple Records album release, though EMI continued to own their recordings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992278_217-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[205] The new label was a subsidiary of Apple Corps, formed as part of Epstein's plan to create a tax-effective business structure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007470_218-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[206]  The record attracted more than two million advance orders, selling nearly four million copies in the US in little over a month, and its tracks dominated the playlists of American radio stations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007528_219-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[207]  Despite its popularity, it did not receive flattering reviews at the time. According to Gould, The critical response ... ranged from mixed to flat. In marked contrast to Sgt. Pepper, which had helped to establish an entire genre of literate rock criticism, the White Album inspired no critical writing of any note. Even the most sympathetic reviewers ... clearly didn't know what to make of this shapeless outpouring of songs. Newsweek's Hubert Saal, citing the high proportion of parodies, accused the group of getting their tongues caught in their cheeks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007528_219-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[207] <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">General critical opinion eventually turned in favour of the White Album, and in 2003 Rolling Stone ranked it as the tenth greatest album of all time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolling_Stone2003_143-3" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[131]  Pitchfork's Mark Richardson describes it as "large and sprawling, overflowing with ideas but also with indulgences, and filled with a hugely variable array of material ... its failings are as essential to its character as its triumphs."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson2009_220-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[208]  Erlewine comments, "The [band's] two main songwriting forces were no longer on the same page, but neither were George and Ringo", yet "Lennon turns in two of his best ballads", McCartney's songs are "stunning", Harrison had become "a songwriter who deserved wider exposure" and Starr's composition was "a delight".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlewine2009d_221-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[209]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The Yellow Submarine LP, issued in January 1969, contained only the four previously unreleased songs that had debuted in the film, along with the title track (already issued on Revolver), "All You Need Is Love" (already issued as a single and on the US Magical Mystery Tour LP) and seven instrumental pieces composed by Martin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992304.2C_350_201-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[189]  Because of the paucity of new Beatles music, Allmusic's Unterberger and Bruce Eder suggest the album might be "inessential" but for Harrison's "It's All Too Much": "the jewel of the new songs ... resplendent in swirling Mellotron, larger-than-life percussion, and tidal waves of feedback guitar ... a virtuoso excursion into otherwise hazy psychedelia".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnterbergerEder2009_222-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[210]  ====Abbey Road, Let It Be, and break-up==== Apple Corps building at 3 Savile Row, site of the Let It Berooftop concert<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Although Let It Be was the Beatles' final album release, it was largely recorded before Abbey Road. The project's impetus came from an idea Martin attributes to McCartney, who suggested they "record an album of new material and rehearse it, then perform it before a live audience for the very first time—on record and on film."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000b539_223-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[211]  Originally intended for a one-hour television programme to be called "Beatles at Work", much of the album's content came from extensive rehearsals filmed by director Michael Lindsay-Hogg at Twickenham Film Studios beginning in January 1969.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000b539_223-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[211] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992306.E2.80.93307_224-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[212]  Martin said the project was "not at all a happy recording experience. It was a time when relations between The Beatles were at their lowest".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000b539_223-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[211]  Lennon described the largely impromptu sessions as "hell ... the most miserable ... on Earth", and Harrison, "the low of all-time".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992310_225-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[213]  Aggravated by both McCartney and Lennon, Harrison walked out for five days. Upon returning, he threatened to leave the band unless they "abandon[ed] all talk of live performance" and instead focus on finishing a new album, initially titled Get Back, using songs recorded for the TV special.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992307_226-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[214]  He also demanded they cease work at Twickenham and relocate to the newly finished Apple Studios. The other band members agreed, and the idea came about to salvage the footage shot for the TV production for use in a feature film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992306.E2.80.93307.2C_309_227-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[215]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In an effort to alleviate tensions within the band and improve the quality of their live sound, Harrison invited keyboardist Billy Preston to participate in the last nine days of sessions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992309.E2.80.93314_228-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[216]  Preston received label billing on the "Get Back" single—the only musician ever to receive that acknowledgment on an official Beatles release.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a451.2C_660_229-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[217]  At the conclusion of the rehearsals, the band could not agree on a location to film a concert, rejecting several ideas, including a boat at sea, a lunatic asylum, the Tunisian desert, and the Colosseum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000b539_223-3" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[211]  Ultimately, what would be their final live performance was filmed on the rooftop of the Apple Corps building at 3 Savile Row, London, on 30 January 1969.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992307.E2.80.93308.2C_312_230-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[218]  Five weeks later, engineer Glyn Johns, whom Lewisohn describes as Get Back's "uncredited producer", began work assembling an album, given "free rein" as the band "all but washed their hands of the entire project."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992309.2C_316.E2.80.93323_231-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[219]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New strains developed between the band members regarding the appointment of a financial adviser, the need for which had become evident without Epstein to manage business affairs. Lennon, Harrison and Starr favoured Allen Klein, who had managed the Rolling Stones and Sam Cooke; McCartney wanted John Eastman, brother of Linda Eastman, whom McCartney married on 12 March. Agreement could not be reached, so both were temporarily appointed, but further conflict ensued and financial opportunities were lost.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a612_232-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[220]  On 8 May, Klein was named sole manager of the band.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992322_233-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[221]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Martin said he was surprised when McCartney asked him to produce another album, as the Get Back sessions had been "a miserable experience" and he had "thought it was the end of the road for all of us".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007560_234-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[222]  The primary recording sessions for Abbey Road began on 2 July.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992324_235-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[223]  Lennon, who rejected Martin's proposed format of a "continuously moving piece of music", wanted his and McCartney's songs to occupy separate sides of the album.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007563_236-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[224]  The eventual format, with individually composed songs on the first side and the second consisting largely of a medley, was McCartney's suggested compromise.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007563_236-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[224]  On 4 July, the first solo single by a Beatle was released: Lennon's "Give Peace a Chance", credited to the Plastic Ono Band. The completion and mixing of "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" on 20 August 1969 was the last occasion on which all four Beatles were together in the same studio.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1988191_237-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[225]  Lennon announced his departure to the rest of the group on 20 September, but agreed to withhold a public announcement to avoid undermining sales of the forthcoming album.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2008622.E2.80.93624_238-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[226] <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Released six days after Lennon's declaration, Abbey Road sold four million copies within three months and topped the UK charts for a total of seventeen weeks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007593_239-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[227]  Its second track, the ballad "Something", was issued as a single—the only Harrison composition ever to appear as a Beatles A-side.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1997553_240-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[228]  Abbey Road received mixed reviews, although the medley met with general acclaim.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007593_239-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[227]  Unterberger considers it "a fitting swan song for the group", containing "some of the greatest harmonies to be heard on any rock record".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2009d_241-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[229] MacDonald calls it "erratic and often hollow", despite the "semblance of unity and coherence" offered by the medley.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005367_242-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[230]  Martin singled it out as his personal favourite of all the band's albums; Lennon said it was "competent" but had "no life in it". Recording engineer Emerick noted that the replacement of the studio's valve mixing console with a transistorized one yielded a less punchy sound, leaving the group frustrated at the thinner tone and lack of impact and contributing to its "kinder, gentler" feel relative to their previous albums.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerickMassey2006277.E2.80.93278_243-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[231]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">For the still unfinished Get Back album, one last song, Harrison's "I Me Mine", was recorded on 3 January 1970. Lennon, in Denmark at the time, did not participate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992342_244-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[232]  In March, rejecting the work Johns had done on the project, now retitled Let It Be, Klein gave the session tapes to American producer Phil Spector, who had recently produced Lennon's solo single "Instant Karma!"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992342.E2.80.93343_245-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[233] In addition to remixing the material, Spector edited, spliced and overdubbed several of the recordings that had been intended as "live". McCartney was unhappy with the producer's approach and particularly dissatisfied with the lavish orchestration on "The Long and Winding Road", which involved a fourteen-voice choir and thirty-six-piece instrumental ensemble.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992349_246-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[234]  McCartney's demands that the alterations to the song be reverted were ignored,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a682_247-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[235]  and he publicly announced his departure from the band on 10 April 1970, a week before the release of his first, self-titled solo album.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992349_246-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[234] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005853_248-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[236]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">On 8 May, the Spector-produced Let It Be was released. Its accompanying single, "The Long and Winding Road", was the Beatles' last; it was released in the United States, but not Britain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992350.E2.80.93351_160-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[148] The Let It Be documentary film followed later that month, and would win the 1970 Academy Award for Best Original Song Score.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry200696_249-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[237]  Sunday Telegraph critic Penelope Gilliatt called it "a very bad film and a touching one ... about the breaking apart of this reassuring, geometrically perfect, once apparently ageless family of siblings."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007600_250-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[238]  Several reviewers stated that some of the performances in the film sounded better than their analogous album tracks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007601_251-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[239]  Describing Let It Be as the "only Beatles album to occasion negative, even hostile reviews", Unterberger calls it "on the whole underrated"; he singles out "some good moments of straight hard rock in 'I've Got a Feeling' and 'Dig a Pony'", and praises "Let It Be", "Get Back", and "the folky 'Two of Us', with John and Paul harmonizing together".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2009e_252-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[240]  McCartney filed suit for the dissolution of the Beatles' contractual partnership on 31 December 1970.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2002139_253-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[241]  Legal disputes continued long after their break-up, and the dissolution was not formalized until 29 December 1974.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2002150_254-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[242]

1970–present: after the break-up
See also: Collaborations between ex-Beatles====1970s==== <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr all released solo albums in 1970. Their solo records sometimes involved one or more of the others;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007601.E2.80.93604_255-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[243]  Starr's Ringo (1973) was the only album to include compositions and performances by all four ex-Beatles, albeit on separate songs. With Starr's collaboration, Harrison staged The Concert for Bangladesh in New York City in August 1971.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007603.E2.80.93604_256-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[244] Other than an unreleased jam session in 1974, later bootlegged as A Toot and a Snore in '74, Lennon and McCartney never recorded together again.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandford2006227.E2.80.93229_257-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[245]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Two double-LP sets of the Beatles' greatest hits, compiled by Klein, 1962–1966 and 1967–1970, were released in 1973, at first under the Apple Records imprint.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngham200669_258-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[246]  Commonly known as the Red Album and Blue Album respectively, each earned a Multi-Platinum certification in the United States and a Platinum certification in the United Kingdom.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERIAA2009b_259-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[247] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Phonographic_Industry2009_260-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[248]  Between 1976 and 1982, EMI/Capitol released a wave of compilation albums without input from the ex-Beatles, starting with the double-disc compilation Rock 'n' Roll Music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry2006109_261-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[249]  The only one to feature previously unreleased material was The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl (1977); the first officially issued concert recordings by the group, it contained selections from two shows they played during their 1964 and 1965 US tours.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngham200666.2C_69_262-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[250] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-264" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 13]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The music and enduring fame of the Beatles has been commercially exploited in various other ways, again often outside their creative control. In April 1974, the musical John, Paul, George, Ringo…& Bert, written by Willy Russell and featuring singer Barbara Dickson opened in London. It included, with permission from Northern Songs, eleven Lennon-McCartney compositions and one by Harrison, "Here Comes the Sun". Displeased with the production's use of his song, Harrison withdrew his permission to use it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry2006109.E2.80.93110_265-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[252]  All This and World War II (1976) was an unorthodox nonfiction film that combined newsreel footage with covers of Beatles songs by performers ranging from Elton John and Keith Moon to the London Symphony Orchestra.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2010306.E2.80.93307_266-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[253]  The Broadwaymusical Beatlemania, an unauthorized nostalgia revue, opened in early 1977 and proved popular, spinning off five separate touring productions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngham200666.E2.80.9367_267-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[254]  In 1979, the band sued the producers, settling for several million dollars in damages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngham200666.E2.80.9367_267-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[254]  Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978), a musical film starring the Bee Gees and Peter Frampton, was a commercial failure and an "artistic fiasco".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngham200666_268-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[255]

1980s
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">After the December 1980 murder of Lennon, Harrison rewrote the lyrics to his song, "All Those Years Ago", in Lennon's honour. With McCartney and his wife, Linda, contributing backing vocals and Starr on drums, the song was released as a single in May 1981.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadman1999284_269-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[256]  McCartney's own tribute, "Here Today", appeared on his Tug of War album in April 1982.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2002412.E2.80.93413_270-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[257]  In 1987 Harrison's Cloud Nine album included "When We Was Fab", a song about the Beatlemania era.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoggett2009292_271-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[258]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">When the Beatles' studio albums were released on CD by EMI and Apple Corps in 1987, their catalogue was standardized throughout the world, establishing a canon of the twelve original studio LPs as issued in the United Kingdom plus the US LP version of Magical Mystery Tour (1967), which had been released as a shorter double EP in the UK.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEMI7_April_2009_272-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[259]  All of the remaining material from the singles and EPs which had not appeared on the original studio albums was gathered on the two-volume compilation Past Masters (1988). Except for the Red and Blue albums, EMI deleted all its other Beatles compilations—including the Hollywood Bowl record—from its catalogue.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngham200666.2C_69_262-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[250]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1988, the Beatles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, their first year of eligibility. Harrison and Starr attended the ceremony with Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono, and his two sons,Julian and Sean.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame2009_273-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[260] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2002753_274-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[261]  McCartney declined to attend, citing unresolved "business differences" that would make him "feel like a complete hypocrite waving and smiling with them at a fake reunion."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2002753_274-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[261]  The following year, EMI/Capitol settled a decade-long lawsuit filed by the band over royalties, clearing the way to commercially package previously unreleased material.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozinn1989_275-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[262] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2002192_276-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[263]

1990s
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Live at the BBC, the first official release of unissued Beatles performances in 17 years, appeared in 1994.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a661.E2.80.93663_277-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[264]  That same year McCartney, Harrison and Starr collaborated on the Anthologyproject. Anthology was the culmination of work begun in 1970, when Apple Corps director Neil Aspinall, their former road manager and personal assistant, had started to gather material for a documentary with the working title The Long and Winding Road.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a110.E2.80.93111_278-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[265]  Documenting their history in the band's own words, the Anthology project included the release of several unissued Beatles recordings. McCartney, Harrison and Starr also added new instrumental and vocal parts to two songs recorded as demos by Lennon in the late 1970s and early 1980s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a111.E2.80.93112.2C_428.2C_907.E2.80.93908_279-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[266]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">During 1995 and 1996, the project yielded a television mini-series, an eight-volume video set and three two-CD box sets featuring artwork by Klaus Voormann. The two songs based on Lennon demos, "Free as a Bird" and "Real Love", were released as new Beatles singles. The releases were commercially successful and the television series was viewed by an estimated 400 million people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a111.E2.80.93112_280-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[267]  In 1999, to coincide with the re-release of the 1968 film Yellow Submarine, a new soundtrack compilation CD, Yellow Submarine Songtrack, was issued.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoggett2009342_281-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[268]

2000s
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">1, a compilation album of every British and American number one Beatles hit, was released on 13 November 2000. It became the fastest-selling album of all time with 3.6 million sold in its first week<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECNN.com2000_282-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[269]  and 13 million within a month.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould20079_283-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[270]  It was a number one hit in at least 28 countries, including the UK and US.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry2006204_284-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[271]  As of April 2009 it had sold 31 million copies globally,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2009_285-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[272]  and was the best selling album of the decade in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine2009_286-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[273]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Harrison died from metastatic lung cancer in November 2001.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Smoking_Gun2001_287-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[274] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_Online2001_288-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[275] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2003119_289-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[276]  McCartney and Starr were among the musicians who performed at the Concert for George, organized by Eric Claptonand Harrison's widow, Olivia. The tribute event took place at the Royal Albert Hall on the first anniversary of Harrison's death. In addition to songs he composed for the group and his own solo career, the concert included a celebration of Indian classical music, which had significantly influenced Harrison.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2003138.E2.80.93139_290-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[277]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 2003, Let It Be... Naked, a reconceived version of the Let It Be album, with McCartney supervising production, was released. One of the main differences with the Spector-produced version was the omission of the original string arrangements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-291" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[278]  It was a top ten hit in both the UK and the US. The US album configurations from 1964–65 were released as box sets in 2004 and 2006—The Capitol Albums, Volume 1 and Volume 2 included both stereo and mono versions based on the mixes that were prepared for vinyl at the time of the music's original American release.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWomack2007100_292-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[279]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">As a soundtrack for Cirque du Soleil's Las Vegas Beatles' stage revue Love, George Martin and his son Giles remixed and blended 130 of the band's recordings to create what Martin called "a way of re-living the whole Beatles musical lifespan in a very condensed period".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENME2006_293-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[280]  The show premiered in June 2006, and the Love album was released that November when McCartney discussed his hope that "Carnival of Light", a 14-minute experimental recording made at Abbey Road Studios in 1967, would receive an official release.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett-White2008_294-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[281]  A rare live performance involving two ex-Beatles took place in April 2009 at a benefit concert organized by McCartney at New York's Radio City Music Hall, where he was joined by Starr for three songs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustig2009_295-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[282]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">On 9 September 2009, the Beatles' entire back catalogue was reissued following an extensive digital remastering process that lasted four years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEMI7_April_2009_272-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[259]  Stereo editions of all twelve original UK studio albums, along with Magical Mystery Tour and the Past Masters compilation, were released on compact disc both individually and as a box set. Comparing the new releases with the 1987 CDs which had been widely criticized for their lack of clarity and dynamism, Mojo's Danny Eccleston wrote, "the remastered vocals are purer, more natural-sounding and give the illusion of sitting slightly higher in the mix."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEccleston2009_296-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[283]  A second collection, The Beatles in Mono, included remastered versions of every Beatles album released in true mono along with the original 1965 stereo mixes ofHelp! and Rubber Soul (which George Martin had remixed for the 1987 editions).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollett-White2009_297-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[284]  The Beatles: Rock Band, a music video game in the Rock Band series, was released the same day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross2009_298-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[285]  In December 2009, the band's catalogue was officially released in FLAC and MP3 format in a limited edition of 30,000 USB flash drives.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartens2009_299-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[286]

2010s
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The Beatles were among the last major artists whose recorded catalogue was not made available through online music services during the first decade of the 2000s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Monica2005_300-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[287]  Residual disagreement emanating from Apple Corps' dispute with Apple, Inc., iTunes' owners, over the use of the name "Apple" was partly responsible for the delay, although in 2008, McCartney stated that the main obstacle to making the Beatles' catalogue available online was that EMI "want[s] something we're not prepared to give them."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan2008_301-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[288]  In 2010, the official canon of thirteen Beatles studio albums, Past Masters, and the Red and Blue greatest-hits albums were made available on iTunes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAswad2010_302-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[289]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 2012, EMI's recorded music operations were sold to Universal Music Group. In order for Universal Music to acquire EMI, the European Union for antitrust reasons forced EMI to spin off assets including Parlophone. EMI was allowed to keep the Beatles' recorded music catalogue which is expected to be managed in the UK by a newly formed Capitol Records unit of Universal Music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECMU2012_303-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[290] Also in 2012, EMI reissued the entire original Beatles album catalogue on vinyl available either individually or as a box set.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2012_304-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[291]

Musical style and development
See also: Lennon–McCartney<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever, Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz describe the Beatles' musical evolution: In their initial incarnation as cheerful, wisecracking moptops, the Fab Four revolutionized the sound, style, and attitude of popular music and opened rock and roll's doors to a tidal wave of British rock acts. Their initial impact would have been enough to establish the Beatles as one of their era's most influential cultural forces, but they didn't stop there. Although their initial style was a highly original, irresistibly catchy synthesis of early American rock and roll and R&B, the Beatles spent the rest of the 1960s expanding rock's stylistic frontiers, consistently staking out new musical territory on each release. The band's increasingly sophisticated experimentation encompassed a variety of genres, including folk-rock, country, psychedelia, and baroque pop, without sacrificing the effortless mass appeal of their early work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchinderSchwartz2007160_305-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[292] <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In The Beatles as Musicians, Walter Everett describes Lennon and McCartney's contrasting motivations and approaches to composition: "McCartney may be said to have constantly developed—as a means to entertain—a focused musical talent with an ear for counterpoint and other aspects of craft in the demonstration of a universally agreed-upon common language that he did much to enrich. Conversely, Lennon's mature music is best appreciated as the daring product of a largely unconscious, searching but undisciplined artistic sensibility."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett19999_306-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[293]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Musicologist and author Ian MacDonald describes McCartney as "a natural melodist—a creator of tunes capable of existing apart from their harmony". His melody lines are characterized as primarily "vertical", employing wide, consonant intervals which express his "extrovert energy and optimism". Conversely, Lennon's "sedentary, ironic personality" is reflected in a "horizontal" approach featuring minimal, dissonant intervals and repetitive melodies which rely on their harmonic accompaniment for interest: "Basically a realist, he instinctively kept his melodies close to the rhythms and cadences of speech, colouring his lyrics with bluesy tone and harmony rather than creating tunes that made striking shapes of their own."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200512_307-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[294]  MacDonald praises Harrison's lead guitar work for the role his "characterful lines and textural colourings" play in supporting Lennon and McCartney's parts, and describes Starr as "the father of modern pop/rock drumming".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005382.E2.80.93383_308-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[295]

Influences
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Their earliest influences include Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Little Richard and Chuck Berry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a140.2C_660.2C_856.E2.80.93858.2C_881_309-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[296]  During the Beatles' co-residency with Little Richard at the Star-Club in Hamburg, from April to May 1962, he advised them on the proper technique for performing his songs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a660_310-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[297]  Of Presley, Lennon said, "Nothing really affected me until I heard Elvis. If there hadn't been Elvis, there would not have been the Beatles."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a881_311-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[298]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Other early influences include Buddy Holly, Eddie Cochran, Roy Orbison<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a289.2C_526.2C_830_312-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[299]  and the Everly Brothers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005111.2C_123.2C_131.2C_133_313-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[300]  They continued to absorb influences long after their initial success, often finding new musical and lyrical avenues by listening to their contemporaries, including Bob Dylan, Frank Zappa, the Lovin' Spoonful, the Byrds and the Beach Boys, whose 1966 album Pet Sounds amazed and inspired McCartney.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a99.2C_217.2C_357.2C_1195_314-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[301] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007333.E2.80.93335.2C_359_315-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[302] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavezzoli2006147.2C_150.2C_162.2C_169_316-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[303]  Martin stated, "Without Pet Sounds, Sgt. Pepper wouldn't have happened ...Pepper was an attempt to equal Pet Sounds".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcQuiggin2009_317-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[304]  Ravi Shankar, with whom Harrison studied for six weeks in India in late 1966, had a significant effect on his musical development during the band's later years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavezzoli2006147.2C_165.2C_177_318-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[305]

Genres
A Höfner "violin" bass guitarand Gretsch Country Gentleman guitar, models played by McCartney and Harrison, respectively; the Vox AC30amplifier behind them is the model the Beatles used during performances in the early 1960s<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Originating as a skiffle group, the Beatles quickly embraced 1950s rock and roll, and their repertoire ultimately expanded to include a broad variety of pop music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould200730.E2.80.9332.2C_100.E2.80.93107_319-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[306]  Reflecting the range of styles they explored, Lennon said of Beatles for Sale, "You could call our new one a Beatles country-and-western LP",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007255_320-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[307] while Gould credits Rubber Soul as "the instrument by which legions of folk-music enthusiasts were coaxed into the camp of pop."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007296_321-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[308]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The 1965 song "Yesterday" makes prominent use of a string quartet; while it was not the first pop record to employ strings, it marked the group's first recorded use of classical music elements. Gould observes, "The more traditional sound of strings allowed for a fresh appreciation of their talent as composers by listeners who were otherwise allergic to the din of drums and electric guitars."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007278_322-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[309]  They continued to experiment with string arrangements to various effect: Sgt. Pepper ' s "She's Leaving Home", for instance, is "cast in the mold of a sentimental Victorian ballad," wrote Gould, "its words and music filled with the clichés of musical melodrama."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007402_323-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[310]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The band's stylistic range expanded in another direction in 1966 with the B-side to the "Paperback Writer" single: "Rain", described by Martin Strong as "the first overtly psychedelic Beatles record".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong2004108_324-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[311]  Other psychedelic numbers followed, such as "Tomorrow Never Knows" (recorded before "Rain"), "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" and "I Am the Walrus". The influence of Indian classical music was evident in Harrison's "The Inner Light", "Love You To" and "Within You Without You"; Gould describes the latter two as attempts "to replicate the raga form in miniature".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007406.2C_462.E2.80.93463_325-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[312]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Innovation was the most striking feature of their creative evolution, according to music historian and pianist Michael Campbell: "'A Day in the Life' encapsulates the art and achievement of the Beatles as well as any single track can. It highlights key features of their music: the sound imagination, the persistence of tuneful melody, and the close coordination between words and music. It represents a new category of song—more sophisticated than pop ... and uniquely innovative. There literally had never before been a song—classical or vernacular—that had blended so many disparate elements so imaginatively."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2008196_326-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[313]  Philosophy professor Bruce Ellis Benson agrees: "the Beatles ... give us a wonderful example of how such far-ranging influences as Celtic music, rhythm and blues, and country and western could be put together in a new way."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson200343_327-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[314]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Author Dominic Pedler describes the way they crossed musical styles: "Far from moving sequentially from one genre to another (as is sometimes conveniently suggested) the group maintained in parallel their mastery of the traditional, catchy chart hit while simultaneously forging rock and dabbling with a wide range of peripheral influences from Country to vaudeville. One of these threads was their take on folk music, which would form such essential groundwork for their later collisions with Indian music and philosophy."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedler2003256_328-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[315]  As the personal relationships between the band members grew increasingly strained, their individual tastes became more apparent. The minimalistic cover artwork for the White Album contrasted with the complexity and diversity of its music, which encompassed Lennon's "Revolution 9", whose musique concrète approach was influenced by Yoko Ono; Starr's country song "Don't Pass Me By"; Harrison's rock ballad "While My Guitar Gently Weeps"; and the "proto-metal roar" of McCartney's "Helter Skelter".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlewine2009d_221-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[209]

Contribution of George Martin
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">George Martin's close involvement in his role as producer made him one of the leading candidates for the informal title of the "fifth Beatle".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a721_329-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[316]  He applied his classical musical training in various ways, and functioned as "an informal music teacher" to the progressing songwriters, wrote Gould.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007121.2C_290_330-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[317]  Martin suggested to a sceptical McCartney that the arrangement of "Yesterday" should feature a string quartet accompaniment, thereby introducing the Beatles to a "hitherto unsuspected world of classical instrumental colour", in MacDonald's description.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005158_331-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[318]  Their creative development was also facilitated by Martin's willingness to experiment in response to their suggestions, such as adding "something baroque" to a particular recording.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007290_332-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[319]  In addition to scoring orchestral arrangements for recordings, Martin often performed on them, playing instruments including piano, organ and brass.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007382.2C_405.2C_409.2C_443.2C_584_333-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[320]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Collaborating with Lennon and McCartney required Martin to adapt to their different approaches to songwriting and recording. MacDonald comments, "while [he] worked more naturally with the conventionally articulate McCartney, the challenge of catering to Lennon's intuitive approach generally spurred him to his more original arrangements, of which 'Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!' is an outstanding example."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005238_334-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[321]  Martin said of the two composers' distinct songwriting styles and his own stabilizing influence, Compared with Paul's songs, all of which seemed to keep in some sort of touch with reality, John's had a psychedelic, almost mystical quality ... John's imagery is one of the best things about his work – 'tangerine trees', 'marmalade skies', 'cellophane flowers'... I always saw him as an aural Salvador Dalí, rather than some drug-ridden record artist. On the other hand, I would be stupid to pretend that drugs didn't figure quite heavily in the Beatles' lives at that time ... they knew that I, in my schoolmasterly role, didn't approve ... Not only was I not into it myself, I couldn't see the need for it; and there's no doubt that, if I too had been on dope, Pepper would never have been the album it was. Perhaps it was the combination of dope and no dope that worked, who knows?<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1979205.E2.80.93206_335-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[322] <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Harrison echoed Martin's description of his stabilizing role: "I think we just grew through those years together, him as the straight man and us as the loonies; but he was always there for us to interpret our madness—we used to be slightly avant-garde on certain days of the week, and he would be there as the anchor person, to communicate that through the engineers and on to the tape."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2003264_336-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[323]

In the studio
See also: The Beatles' recording technology<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Making innovative use of technology while expanding the possibilities of recorded music, the Beatles urged experimentation by Martin and his recording engineers. Seeking ways to put chance occurrences to creative use, accidental guitar feedback, a resonating glass bottle, a tape loaded the wrong way round so that it played backwards—any of these might be incorporated into their music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertsgaard1995103_337-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[324]  Their desire to create new sounds on every new recording, combined with Martin's arranging abilities and the studio expertise of EMI staff engineers Norman Smith, Ken Townsend, and Emerick, all contributed significantly to their records from Rubber Soul and, especially, Revolver forward.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertsgaard1995103_337-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[324]  Along with innovative studio techniques such as sound effects, unconventional microphone placements, tape loops, double tracking and vari-speed recording, the Beatles augmented their songs with instruments that were unconventional in rock music at the time. These included string and brass ensembles as well as Indian instruments such as the sitar in "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" and the swarmandal in "Strawberry Fields Forever".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005212_338-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[325]  They also used early electronic instruments such as the Mellotron, with which McCartney supplied the flute voices on the "Strawberry Fields" intro,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005219_339-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[326]  and the clavioline, an electronic keyboard that created the unusual oboe-like sound on "Baby, You're a Rich Man".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005259_340-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[327]

Legacy
See also: The Beatles' influence on popular culture<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Former Rolling Stone associate editor Robert Greenfield compared the Beatles to Picasso, as "artists who broke through the constraints of their time period to come up with something that was unique and original ... [I]n the form of popular music, no one will ever be more revolutionary, more creative and more distinctive".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross2009_298-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[285]  They not only sparked the British Invasion of the US,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett1999277_341-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[328]  they became a globally influential phenomenon as well.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould20078_342-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[329] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-343" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[nb 14]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Their musical innovations and commercial success inspired musicians worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould20078_342-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[329]  Many artists have acknowledged the Beatles' influence and enjoyed chart success with covers of their songs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_Radio_22009_344-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[330]  On radio, their arrival marked the beginning of a new era; in 1968 the programme director of New York's WABC radio station went so far as to forbid his DJs from playing any "pre-Beatles" music.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher2007198_345-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[331]  They helped to redefine the LP as something more than just a few hits padded out with "filler",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett199991_346-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[332]  and they were primary innovators of the modern music video.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005609.E2.80.93610_347-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[333]  The Shea Stadium show with which they opened their 1965 North American tour attracted an estimated 55,600 people,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisohn1992181_125-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[114]  then the largest audience in concert history; Spitz describes the event as a "major breakthrough ... a giant step toward reshaping the concert business."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005576.E2.80.93578_348-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[334]  Emulation of their clothing and especially their hairstyles, which became a mark of rebellion, had a global impact on fashion, wrote Gould.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2007345_100-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[91]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">According to Gould, the Beatles changed the way people listened to popular music and experienced its role in their lives. From what began as the Beatlemania fad, the group's popularity grew into what was seen as an embodiment of sociocultural movements of the decade. As icons of the 1960s counterculture, Gould continues, they became a catalyst for bohemianism and activism in various social and political arenas, fuelling movements such as women's liberation, gay liberation and environmentalism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould20078.E2.80.939_349-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[335]  According to Peter Lavezzoli, after the "more popular than Jesus" controversy in 1966, the Beatles felt considerable pressure to say the right things and "began a concerted effort to spread a message of wisdom and higher consciousness."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavezzoli2006176_147-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[135]

Awards and achievements
See also: List of awards and nominations received by the Beatles<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1965, Queen Elizabeth II appointed Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2005556_117-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[106]  The film Let It Be (1970) won the 1971 Academy Award forBest Original Song Score.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry200696_249-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[237]  The recipients of 7 Grammy Awards<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrammy.com_350-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[336]  and 15 Ivor Novello Awards,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2000a559.E2.80.93560_351-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[337]  the Beatles have been awarded 6 Diamond albums, as well as 24 Multi-Platinum albums, 39 Platinum albums and 45 Gold albums in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERIAA2009b_259-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[247] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERIAA2009c_352-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[338]  In the UK, the Beatles have 4 Multi-Platinum albums, 4 Platinum albums, 8 Gold albums and 1 Silver album.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Phonographic_Industry2009_260-1" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[248]  They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The best-selling band in history, EMI Records estimate that the Beatles have sold over one billion units worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuinness2012_353-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[339] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould20078_342-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[329] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry2006158_354-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[340]  They have had more number one albums on the British charts, 15,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlennie2012_355-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[341]  and sold more singles in the UK, 21.9 million, than any other act.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Chart_Company2012_356-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[342]  They ranked number one in Billboard magazine's list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, released in 2008 to celebrate the US singles chart's fiftieth anniversary.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillboard2008a_357-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[343]  As of 2012, they hold the record for most number one hits on the Hot 100 chart with 20.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillboard2008b_358-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[344]  The Recording Industry Association of America certifies that the Beatles have sold 177 million units in the US, more than any other artist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERIAA2009a_359-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[345]  They were collectively included in Time magazine's compilation of the 20th century's 100 most influential people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoder1998_360-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[346]

Discography
Main article: The Beatles discographyFurther information: List of the Beatles songs, The Beatles' recording sessions, and The Beatles bootleg recordings===Original UK LPs=== <p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">See also the EP Long Tall Sally (1964) and the double-EP Magical Mystery Tour (1967), which contain music not released on the original UK LPs. When the above albums were reissued on CDs, the American Magical Mystery Tour album was issued on CD globally and the double CD compilation set Past Masters was issued so every Beatle track commercially released would be available on CD.
 * Please Please Me (1963)
 * With the Beatles (1963)
 * A Hard Day's Night (1964)
 * Beatles for Sale (1964)
 * Help! (1965)
 * Rubber Soul (1965)
 * Revolver (1966)
 * Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967)
 * The Beatles (1968)
 * Yellow Submarine (1969)
 * Abbey Road (1969)
 * Let It Be (1970)
 * See also
 * John Lennon discography
 * Paul McCartney discography
 * George Harrison discography
 * Ringo Starr discography
 * Collaborations between ex-Beatles

Song catalogue
<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Through 1969, the Beatles' catalogue was published almost exclusively by Northern Songs Ltd., a company formed in February 1963 by music publisher Dick James specifically for Lennon and McCartney, though it later acquired songs by other artists. The company was organized with James and his partner, Emmanuel Silver, owning a controlling interest, variously described as 51% or 50% plus one share. McCartney had 20%. Reports again vary concerning Lennon's portion—19 or 20%—and Brian Epstein's—9 or 10%—which he received in lieu of a 25% band management fee.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry200615.E2.80.9317_361-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[347] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1996169.E2.80.9371.2C_368.E2.80.93369_362-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[348] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownGaines2002178_363-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[349]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1965, the company went public. Five million shares were created, of which the original principals retained 3.75 million. James and Silver each received 937,500 shares (18.75% of 5 million); Lennon and McCartney each received 750,000 shares (15%); and Epstein's management company NEMS Enterprises received 375,000 shares (7.5%). Of the 1.25 million shares put up for sale, Harrison and Starr each acquired 40,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry200637.E2.80.9338_364-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[350]  At the time of the stock offering, Lennon and McCartney renewed their three-year publishing contracts, binding them to Northern Songs until 1973.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry200642_365-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[351]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Harrison created Harrisongs to represent his solo compositions, but signed a three-year contract with Northern Songs that gave it the copyright to his work through March 1968, which included "Taxman" and "Within You Without You".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry200645_366-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[352]  The songs on which Starr received co-writing credit before 1968, such as "What Goes On" and "Flying", were also Northern Songs copyrights.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry200646.E2.80.9347_367-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[353] Harrison did not renew his contract with Northern Songs when it ended, signing instead with Apple Publishing while retaining the copyright to his work from that point forward. Harrisongs thus owns the rights to his later Beatles songs such as "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and "Something". That year, as well, Starr created Startling Music, which holds the rights to his solo Beatles compositions, "Don't Pass Me By" and "Octopus's Garden".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry200660.E2.80.9361_368-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[354] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2005351_369-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[355]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In March 1969, James arranged to sell his and his partner's shares of Northern Songs to the British broadcasting company Associated Television (ATV), founded by impresario Lew Grade, without first informing the Beatles. The band then made a bid to gain controlling interest by attempting to work out a deal with a consortium of London brokerage firms that had accumulated a 14% holding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1996369.E2.80.93372_370-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[356]  The deal collapsed over the objections of Lennon, who declared, "I'm sick of being fucked about by men in suits sitting on their fat arses in the City."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1996372_371-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[357]  By the end of May, ATV had acquired a majority stake in Northern Songs, controlling nearly the entire Lennon–McCartney catalog, as well as any future material until 1973.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1998296_372-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[358]  In frustration, Lennon and McCartney sold their shares to ATV in late October 1969.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett1999236_373-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[359]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1981, financial losses by ATV's parent company ACC led it to attempt to sell its music division. According to authors Brian Southall and Rupert Perry, Grade contacted McCartney, offering ATV Music and Northern Songs for $30 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry2006129_374-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[360]  According to an account McCartney gave in 1995, he met with Grade and explained he was interested solely in the Northern Songs catalog, if Grade were ever willing to "separate off" that portion of ATV Music. Soon after, Grade offered to sell him Northern Songs for £20 million, giving the ex-Beatle "a week or so" to decide. By McCartney's account, he and Ono countered with a £5 million bid that was rejected.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry2006130_375-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[361]  According to reports at the time, Grade refused to separate Northern Songs, and turned down an offer of £21–£25 million from McCartney and Ono for ATV Music. In 1982 ACC as a whole was sold to Australian business magnate Robert Holmes à Court for £60 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry2006130.2C_139_376-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[362]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Three years later, Michael Jackson purchased ATV for a reported $47.5 million. The acquisition gave him control over the publishing rights to more than 200 Beatles songs, as well as 40,000 other copyrights.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry2006140.2C_174.2C_176_377-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[363]  In 1995, in a deal that earned him a reported $110 million, Jackson merged his music publishing business with Sony, creating a new company, Sony/ATV Music Publishing, in which he held a 50% stake. The merger made the new company, then valued at over half a billion dollars, the third largest music publisher in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry2006198_378-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[364]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Despite the lack of publishing rights to most of their songs, Lennon's estate and McCartney continue to receive their respective shares of the writers' royalties, which together are 33⅓% of total commercial proceeds in the US and which vary elsewhere around the world between 50 and 55%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry2006195_379-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[365]  Two of Lennon and McCartney's earliest songs—"Love Me Do" and "P.S. I Love You"—were published by an EMI subsidiary, Ardmore & Beechwood, before they signed with James. McCartney acquired their publishing rights from Ardmore in the mid-1980s,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthallPerry2006192.E2.80.93193_380-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[366]  and they are the only two Beatles songs owned by McCartney's company MPL Communications.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarry2002536_381-0" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[367]

<p style="line-height:19.1875px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">